![]() This fact suggests that this lab prototype can be used in future thermal comfort evaluations.Īn extreme microclimate inside footwear contributes to wear discomfort and performance impairment. The prototype was already tested, and preliminary results indicated that thermal insulation values are within the range of expected values produced by other foot thermal manikins and by human volunteers' tests. The device produces thermal insulation values that will help to design footwear with better ability in terms of thermal comfort, replacing human volunteers in thermal comfort perception tests, which are very subjective. This foot is used as a laboratory prototype and is multisegmented, in order that each section is controlled independently in terms of heat generation and sweating rate, therefore it is possible to simulate more accurately the real behaviour of a human foot. The study found that around 50 % of plumbing fittings installed in South Africa do not comply to legal requirements, and that at least 60% of stands in the Johannesburg area have some on-site leakage present.The main purpose of this project is the development of a multifunctional artificial foot, capable of duplicate a human foot in a laboratory environment, in order to evaluate and simulate footwear's performance under certain conditions. Various research methods were employed, including literature reviews, surveys of and interviews with role-players, field investigations and analyses of plumbing replacement programmes. This project focussed on on-site systems and had two main aims: to determine the fraction of plumbing fittings used in South Africa that do not comply to current legislation, and to determine the extent of losses from on-site distribution systems. Metered consumers pay for inefficient use and on-site losses, and thus municipalities are often less concerned about these factors than about losses from their own distribution systems. On-site distribution or plumbing systems have a significant impact on both the efficient use of water and water losses. With an ever-increasing population and a decrease in availability of fresh water, the sustainable and secure supply of fresh water is a growing concern worldwide, and particularly so in South Africa. The solution is beneficial to the country in achieving water security and would promote a culture of responsibility toward water usage. The solution provides web and mobile application platforms to report and manage leaks swiftly. Therefore, this paper proposes a specific solution for municipalities, local plumbers and citizens to minimize the effects of pipe leaks. Furthermore, the response from the municipality acknowledged that more practical solutions are needed to reduce water wastage, and resources to attend to pipe leaks swiftly. The analysis from the study indicated that the majority of the citizens are aware of the water crisis and are willing to participate positively to decrease the level of water wasted. Additionally, the municipality office was contacted from a managerial perspective. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to the general public. To understand the issue in depth, a literature review of journal papers and government reports was conducted. This study outlines the level of water wastage and develops a smart solution to efficiently manage and reduce the effects of pipe leaks, while monitoring the situation before and after fixing the pipe leaks. In addition to inadequate infrastructure and poor planning, the country is experiencing high rates of water wastage due to pipe leaks. South Africa is one of the driest countries in the world and is facing a water crisis.
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